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Halitosis
OVERVIEW: Halitosis is an unpleasant breath odor. Contrary to popular belief, gastrointestinal disorders do not generally cause halitosis; therefore, breath odor does not reflect the state of digestive system or bowel function.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: • Unpleasant breath odor
CAUSES: • Inhaled or ingested substances
• Gum or dental disease
• Fermentation of food in mouth
• Systemic disease (tonsillitis, pneumonia, lung abscess)
• Liver disease
• Diabetes
• Infection
• Cancer of the respiratory tract
SCOPE: N/A
MOST OFTEN AFFECTED: N/A
RISK FACTORS: N/A
DIAGNOSIS PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: N/A
TESTS AND PROCEDURES: N/A
TREATMENT GENERAL MEASURES: Specific causes of halitosis should be identified and treated.
ACTIVITY: N/A
DIET: N/A
MEDICATIONS COMMONLY PRESCRIBED DRUGS: N/A
CONTRAINDICATIONS: N/A
PRECAUTIONS: N/A
DRUG INTERACTIONS: N/A
Other Drugs: N/A
FOLLOW UP PATIENT MONITORING: N/A
PREVENTION/AVOIDANCE: N/A
COMPLICATIONS: N/A
WHAT TO EXPECT: N/A
MISCELLANEOUS OTHER FACTORS: N/A
PEDIATRIC: N/A
GERIATRIC: N/A
OTHERS: N/A
PREGNANCY: N/A
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Glaucoma, primary open-angle
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IE 5.0